[Found on my hard drive – I have no idea where it came from or who the original author is, sharing this for educational purposes]
In 1905, he published five landmark papers without footnotes or citations. It marked the beginning of an unrivaled, two-decade intellectual burst.
Here is a brief chronology of his miracle year:
# March, 1905: Conventional physics described light as a wave and could not explain how light can knock electrons off metal. Einstein showed that light is made of tiny packets of energy, or quanta, that can behave like individual particles, too.
This duality is the basis of quantum theory, a pillar of modern physics so paradoxical that even Einstein didn’t entirely buy into it. His explanation of this “photoelectric effect” won him the Nobel prize in 1921.
# April: Based on cafe conversations over tea, Einstein submits a paper that determined the size of sugar molecules by calculating their diffusion in the liquid.
# May: He shows how particles (like pollen) that appear to be independently moving in water are being jostled by atoms in water that are moving chaotically. Known as Brownian motion, Einstein’s calculations confirmed the atom’s existence and by extension, the makeup of chemical elements.
# June: Einstein’s paper on “special relativity” separates him from the mainstream physics crowd. Newton considered gravity to be absolute — mass attracts mass. It’s what makes gas and dust form stars and debris form planets.
But Einstein sought to explain anomalies in this rule. Scientists had concluded that light was just one of many kinds of electromagnetic waves moving through an unseen medium they called ether, and the speed of light is always the same.
Einstein recalled a teenage daydream of racing a light beam. According to the physics of his day, if he moved as fast as the light, then the beam would be stationary in space.
Einstein said the speed of light is constant at 186,282 miles per second. But it will appear different depending on where you are and how fast you are traveling.
For example, clocks on orbiting satellites run a bit slower because the satellites are orbiting at 17,000 mph. They have programs that help them align with clocks on Earth.
Or, suppose you were to “witness” a star exploding into a supernova. The explosion occurred thousands of years ago, but it has taken that long for the light to reach you here.
# November: Einstein publishes an extension of special relativity regarding the conversion of mass into energy, noting that the “mass of a body is a measure of its energy content.” In 1907, he abbreviated it to what would become science’s most famous equation: The amount of energy equals mass times the speed of light squared, or E=mc2.
C2 is such a huge number that even small amounts of mass pack big power.
This became the theoretical basis for both atomic explosions and atomic energy.
“Each of these papers is a landmark in physics,” said University of Maryland physicist S. James Gates. “And yet all of his work in 1905 is a prelude to his greatest composition — the theory of general relativity.”
Special relativity was incomplete because it did not deal with gravity. To Newton, gravity was a constant, absolute force. Drop an apple and it hits the ground. A planet traces a curved orbit because the sun’s gravity tugs at the planet.
In Einstein’s relative world, matter warps the time and space around it. So, the sun’s mass dents and distorts the space-time fabric, curving the planet’s trajectory.
He reasoned that even particles of light, which have very tiny mass, should be affected in this way.
In 1919, astronomers watching a solar eclipse observed the light from a distant star being deflected by the darkening sun’s mass by a few hundredths of a millimeter.
General relativity laid the foundation for all kinds of discoveries, such as the Big Bang, the expansion of the universe and black holes.
Yet relativity is both so profound and confounding that even other physicists have trouble grasping its nuances.
Einstein described relativity this way: “Put your hand on a hot stove for a minute, and it seems like an hour. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour, and it seems like a minute. That’s relativity.” Love of physics
In a lifetime that coincided with Rudolph Valentino and Clark Gable, it’s hard to imagine Einstein as a lady’s man. With that hair? And those rumpled clothes?
He had a passionate personality that drew admirers. But physics always was his first love and that was the trouble.
The young Einstein’s indifferent, even ruthless, nature is evident in his dealings with his first wife, Mileva Maric. She and Einstein were students at the renowned Swiss National Polytechnic in Zurich.
In effusive letters and poetry, he called her Dollie and himself Johnny.
She gave birth to an out-of-wedlock daughter at her parents’ home in Hungary. The baby either died or was adopted. Einstein never saw the child.
The episode ended Mileva’s career before it began. She appears to have been a sounding board for his ideas, but historians doubt she was a true collaborator. They married in 1902 and Mileva bore two sons, but their passion soured as Einstein’s reputation grew. He complained that he had no time for marital “chatter.”
He and Mileva separated in 1914.
“You make sure … that I receive my three meals regularly in my room,” he wrote in his cold list of conditions. “You are neither to expect intimacy nor to reproach me in any way.”
But eight years later, he gave her the $32,000 purse from his Nobel Prize for physics.
Einstein had an affair with his German cousin, Elsa Lowenthal, and she nursed him back to health when he collapsed from nervous exhaustion in 1917. They married two years later, but she soon found herself tolerating his girlfriends. They emigrated to Princeton, where she died in 1936.
Until his own death from heart disease on April 18, 1955, relatives and his secretary kept house for Einstein at 112 Mercer Street. He also developed attachments to several women who shared his love of music, sailing and world affairs.
One was an alleged Soviet spy, Margarita Konenkova, a Russian Demigr De married to a Greenwich Village sculptor.
Another was Johanna Fantova. She and her husband had met the scientist in Prague’s intellectual circles that included the novelist Franz Kafka. She emigrated to
Princeton alone in 1939. She cut Einstein’s hair and he telephoned several times a week. In her diary, she included this charming line of verse from the physicist:
“Exhausted from a silence long/ This is to show you clear how strong/ The thoughts of you will always sit/ Up in my brain’s little attic.”
As an old man, he revealed to Fantova a melancholy side.
“The physicists say that I am a mathematician, and the mathematicians say that I am a physicist,” he said. “I am a completely isolated man and though everybody knows me, there are very few people who really know me.”